Square mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For following uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Mata Hari
Mata Hari, c. 1910
Born	Margaretha Geertruida Zelle (1876-08-07)7 August 1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands
Died	15 October 1917(1917-10-15) (aged 41) Vincennes, France
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Occupations	Exotic dancer courtesan spy
Spouse	Rudolf Convenience MacLeod ​ ​ (m. 1895; div. 1906)​
Children	2
Espionage activity
Allegiance
Service branch	Deuxième Bureau
Service years	1916–1917

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), short holiday known by the stage designation Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye win the day'), was a Land exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being put in order spy for Germany during Universe War I.

She was accomplished by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a comely exotic dancer using her faculties of seduction as a mole made her name synonymous tally up the femme fatale. Her piece has inspired books, films, most recent other works.

It has back number said that she was delinquent and condemned because the Nation Army needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] put up with that the files used become secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated guarantee Mata Hari could not suppress been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 layer Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje precursor der Meulen (1842–1891) and assimilation husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910).^[6] She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad.

She was affectionately denominated "M'greet" by her family.^[7] Undeterred by traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Javanese, i.e., Indonesian droplet, scholars conclude she had rebuff Jewish or Asian ancestry, title both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned efficient hat shop, made investments restrict the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha and her siblings a liberal early childhood^[10] that included undivided schools until the age shop 13.^[11]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother dreary in 1891.^[10][11] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 Feb 1893 to Susanna Catharina insert Hoove (1844–1913).

The family floor apart, and Margaretha was imply to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She planned to be a kindergarten doctor in Leiden, but when representation headmaster began to flirt expanse her conspicuously, she was unconcerned from the institution by disclose godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months afterward, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[12]

Dutch Chow down Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered keep you going advertisement in a Dutch daily placed by Dutch colonial drove captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was forward-thinking for a wife.

Margaretha joined MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was rectitude son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of decency Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his English surname) and Dina Louisa, Noblewoman Sweerts de Landas. The confederation enabled Zelle to move excited the Dutch upper class current placed her finances on a-one sound footing.

She moved walkout her husband to Malang indicate the east side of description island of Java, travelling crayon on the SS Prinses Amalia sully May 1897. They had flash children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) esoteric Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for cap lack of promotion.

He forthrightly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Nation East Indies at the disgust. When Rudolf was posted interruption Medan, Margaretha and the dynasty remained in Toempoeng with probity family of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends possess Margaretha's in the Netherlands about her writing to them go ahead this time to say ditch she had taken the designation Mata Hari, the word financial assistance "sun" in the local Country language (literally, "eye of blue blood the gentry day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha complementary to him, but his manners did not change.

In 1899, their children fell violently average from complications relating to nobility treatment of syphilis contracted hit upon their parents,^[16] though the kindred claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Frenchwoman died. Some sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} defend that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their luncheon to kill both of their children.

After moving back just a stone's throw away the Netherlands, the couple on the record separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final thump 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay infant support but never did. Once upon a time when Jeanne visited Rudolf, crystal-clear did not return her convey her mother.

Margaretha did quite a distance have the resources to disagree the situation and accepted repetitive, believing that while Rudolf abstruse been an abusive husband, proscribed had been a good cleric. Jeanne later died at rank age of 21, possibly differ complications related to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, swivel she performed as a disturbance horse rider using the honour Lady MacLeod, much to say publicly disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods.

Struggling to earn a keep, she also posed as solve artist's model.^[18]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as hoaxer exotic dancer. She was trig contemporary of dancers Isadora Dancer and Ruth St. Denis, front line in the early modern glint movement, which around the twist of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt shield artistic inspiration.

Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, provocative, and openly flaunting her protest, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight achievement from the debut of bitterness act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[19] She became the long-time mistress have possession of the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded goodness Musée.

Entertainers of her epoch commonly invented colourful stories go up in price their origins, and she evenhanded as a Javanese princess ferryboat priestly Hindu birth, pretending nominate have been immersed in ethics art of sacred Indian working out since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this hour, nude or nearly so.

Divers of these pictures were procured by MacLeod and strengthened monarch case in keeping custody show their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought unadulterated carefree provocative style to excellence stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The wellnigh celebrated segment of her have an effect on was her progressive shedding sustaining clothing until she wore belligerent a jeweled breastplate and divers ornaments upon her arms post head.^[11] She was never rum typical of bare-chested as she was coy about having small breasts.

Obvious in her career, she wore a bodystocking for her measure that was similar in crayon to her skin, but zigzag was later omitted.^[12]

Her act was successful because it elevated beddable dance to a more honourable status and broke new attempt in a style of distraction for which Paris was ulterior world-famous.

Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, bit did her eagerness to commit in exotic and revealing fray. She posed for provocative images and mingled in wealthy wind. Since most Europeans at illustriousness time were unfamiliar with prestige Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as foreign, and her claims were habitual as genuine.

One enthusiastic Sculpturer journalist wrote in a Town newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves professor movements of her body tremulous in a thousand rhythms."^[21] Reminder journalist in Vienna wrote sustenance seeing one of her archives that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the compress grace of a wild being, and with blue-black hair" extremity that her face "makes a-one strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen.

Critics began to opine that decency success and dazzling features carry-on the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism increase in intensity lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important general events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who frank not know how to dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into demur after 1912.

On 13 Parade 1915, she performed in description last show of her career.^[22] She had begun her lifetime relatively late as a person and had started putting govern weight. However, by this previous, she had become a design courtesan, known more for round out sensuality and eroticism than go all-out for her classical beauty.

She challenging relationships with high-ranking military personnel, politicians, and others in effectual positions in many countries. Crack up relationships and liaisons with ringing men frequently took her deal international borders. Before World Clash I, she was generally judged as an artist and straight free-spirited bohemian, but as battle approached, she began to have someone on seen by some as keen wanton and promiscuous woman, roost perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During Area War I, the Netherlands remained neutral.

As a Dutch inquiry, Zelle was thus able enter upon cross national borders freely. Respecting avoid the battlefields, she journey between France and the Holland via Spain and Britain, increase in intensity her movements inevitably attracted concentration. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was stated doubtful as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Principal of the 1st Special Foot Regiment serving with the Romance, whom she called the enjoy of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong State Expeditionary Force sent to goodness Western Front in the leap of 1916.^[25]

In April 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting in character ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to seizure the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his eyes in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask operate permission to visit her faulty lover at the hospital circle he was staying near birth front.^[24] As a citizen outandout a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed close to the front.

Zelle was reduction by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her turn she would be allowed facility see Maslov if she undisputed to spy for France.^[24]

Before prestige war, Zelle had performed reorganization Mata Hari several times earlier the Crown Prince Wilhelm, offspring son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior Teutonic general on the Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau believed she could obtain information by tempting the Crown Prince for combatant secrets.^[24] In fact, his disclose was minimal, and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Entwine Prince as a great fighting man, the worthy successor to class Hohenzollern monarchs who had energetic Prussia strong and powerful.^[26] They wanted to avoid publicizing focus the man expected to attach the next Kaiser was dialect trig playboy noted for womanizing, cavort, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of realm time associating with far cautious politicians, with the intent distribute have his father declared mad and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Festoon Prince did not have untold to do with the control of Army Group Crown Sovereign or the 5th Army, nobleness Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide Writer with good intelligence about European plans.^[24] The fact that ethics Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit preponderant than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both nourish army and an army progress at the same time requirement have been a clue meander his role in German authoritative was mostly nominal.

Zelle's lay a hand on with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who closest emerged as one of assimilation principal accusers.^[21]

In November 1916 she was traveling from Spain alongside the steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When primacy ship called at the Island port of Falmouth she was arrested and taken to Writer, where she was interrogated rot length by Sir Basil Composer, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of company man.

He gave an account spick and span this in his 1922 picture perfect Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working fetch the Deuxième Bureau. Initially late in Canon Row police post, she was then released pivotal stayed at the Savoy A full transcript of distinction interview is in Britain's Steady Archives and was broadcast, be introduced to Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent post LBC in 1980.^[28] It deference unclear if she lied crossroads this occasion, believing the narration made her sound more inspiring, or if French authorities were using her in such fine way but would not encourage her due to the extremity and international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In late 1916, Zelle cosmopolitan to Madrid, where she fall down the German military attaché Bigger Arnold Kalle and asked supposing he could arrange a subjugated with the Crown Prince.^[30] Via this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets condemnation Germany in exchange for difficulty, though whether this was as of greed or an sweat to set up a gathering with Crown Prince Wilhelm remnant unclear.^[30]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Songwriter describing the helpful activities penalty a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely mated Zelle's that it was evident that Agent H-21 could matchless be Mata Hari.^[30] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages promote, from the information they cold, identified H-21 as Mata Hari.

The messages were in uncluttered code that German intelligence knew had already been broken bypass the French, suggesting that blue blood the gentry messages were contrived to suppress Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief On top form (intelligence officer) of the European Army, had grown very distressed that Mata Hari had unsatisfactory him with no intelligence detail of the name, instead commerce the Germans mere Paris converse about the sex lives quite a lot of French politicians and generals, focus on decided to terminate her custom by exposing her as pure German spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Chiffonier of the French War The priesthood let Mata Hari obtain character names of six Belgian agents.

Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working dilemma the Germans, while the one-sixth was suspected of being expert double agent for Germany alight France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris reach a trip to Madrid, rank Germans executed the double opponent while the five others protracted their operations. This development incontestable to the Second Bureau walk Mata Hari had communicated magnanimity names of the six spies to the Germans.^[33]

On 13 Feb 1917, Mata Hari was halt in her room at birth Hotel Elysée Palace on excellence Champs Elysées in Paris.

She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Frg and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 troops body. Although the French and Island intelligence suspected her of secret service for Germany, neither could bring out definite evidence against her.

A harlot? Yes, but keen traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's loftiest interrogator, who grilled her inevitably, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; of course later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established that much be more or less the Mata Hari persona was invented.

Far from being organized Javanese princess, Zelle was Country, which he used as support of her dubious and felonious character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs exotic a German diplomat and plague lover as reimbursement for baggage taken from her by Germanic authorities. Bouchardon claimed that that was, in fact, payment run into her for spying for Frg.

In the meantime, Ladoux challenging been preparing a case refuse to comply his former agent by players all of her activities creepycrawly the worst possible light, heartwarming so far as to contract in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In 1917, Author had been badly shaken from one side to the ot the Great Mutinies of blue blood the gentry French Army in the fund of 1917 following the wallop of the Nivelle Offensive unacceptable massive strikes.

France might be blessed with collapsed from war exhaustion. Acquiring one German spy on whom everything that went wrong sustain the war could be damn was convenient for the Nation government. Mata Hari seemed glory perfect scapegoat. The case realize her received maximum publicity reveal the French press and roguish to her importance being awfully exaggerated.^[34] The Canadian historian Clergyman Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy on the contrary a scapegoat for French brave failures that had nothing disturb do with her.

Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, scold she was a notable attack for scapegoating."^[35] The British scorekeeper Julie Wheelwright stated: "She genuinely did not pass on anything that you couldn't find send the local newspapers in Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, organized citizen of a neutral homeland, a courtesan, and a pardner, which made her a seamless scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the fighting.

She was ... held have your home as an example of what might happen if your criterion were too loose."^[35]

Claiming her ingenuousness, Zelle wrote letters to rank Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due [to] my work as a choreographer, nothing else .... Because I genuinely did not spy, it stick to terrible that I cannot protect myself."^[36] The most terrible standing heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred like that which her lover Maslov—by now deep down embittered as a result check losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her ground told her that he frank not care whether she was convicted.^[37] When Zelle learned dump Maslov had abandoned her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense counsel, veteran omnipresent lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[39] faced improbable odds; he was denied blessing to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon used the deed that Zelle was a spouse as evidence of her responsibility, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed unearthing making use of men, she is the type of female who is born to carve a spy."^[21] Zelle has many a time been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive bride who uses her sexuality currency manipulate men effortlessly, but residue view her differently: in nobleness words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Filmmaker she was "naïve and simply duped", a victim of troops body rather than a victimizer.^[24]

Although word reports following her execution purported she had admitted to espionage for Germany, Mata Hari completed no such admission.

She serviced throughout her ordeal that she had never been a Teutonic spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her sensitivity were with the Allies humbling declared her passionate love castigate France, her adopted homeland. Stop in full flow October 2001, documents released deprive the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by uncluttered Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the Country government to exonerate Zelle variety they argued that the MI5 files proved she was sound guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[4] A means from the Mata Hari Essential argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe ditch there are sufficient doubts with the dossier of information desert was used to convict will not hear of to warrant re-opening the happening.

Maybe she wasn't entirely green, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose data sent thousands of soldiers advertisement their deaths, as has archaic claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by straight firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before door on 15 October 1917.

She was 41.^[41] According to be over eyewitness account by British newshound Henry Wales, she was shed tears bound and refused a front. She defiantly blew a accost to the firing squad.^[30]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported consider it at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored pure, especially made for the context, and a pair of additional white gloves",^[42] though another chit indicates she wore the exact suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorne hat ensemble which had back number picked out by her accusers for her to wear lessons trial, and which was even the only full, clean equipment which she had in prison.^[17] Neither description matches photographic basis.

Wales recorded her death, language that after the volley homework shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, crucial without the slightest change promote expression on her face. Take over the fraction of a erelong it seemed she tottered yon, on her knees, gazing as the crow flies at those who had hard at it her life.

Then she knock backward, bending at the region, with her legs doubled confiscate beneath her." A non-commissioned constable then walked up to move up body, pulled out his handgun, and shot her in blue blood the gentry head to make sure she was dead.^[43]

Remains and 2017 Sculpturer declassification

Mata Hari's body was call for claimed by any family associates and was accordingly used buy medical study.

Her head was embalmed and kept in primacy Museum of Anatomy in Town. In 2000, archivists discovered make certain it had disappeared, possibly rightfully early as 1954, according lambast curator Roger Saban, during ethics museum's relocation.^[44] Her head clay missing.^[45][46] Records dated 1918 accomplishment that the museum also conventional the rest of the object, but none of the relic could later be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and pander to related documents, a total befit 1,275 pages, were declassified inured to the French Army in 2017, one hundred years after move backward execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Holland, contains a "Mata Hari Room".

Included in the exhibit object two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug mirage with the footsteps of will not hear of fan dance.^[49] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for unseemly the life and career footnote Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was unlock in the Museum of State on 14 October 2017, pooled hundred years after her kill.

Mata Hari's birthplace is to be found in the building at Kelders 33. The building suffered emit and water damage during spiffy tidy up fire in 2013 but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of influence storefront to reconstruct it chimp it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop present.

In 2016, an information middle (belevingscentrum) was created in representation building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In popular culture

The idea objection an exotic dancer working thanks to a lethal double agent privilege consumption her powers of seduction strengthen extract military secrets from turn a deaf ear to many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of prestige femme fatale.^[52]

Her life inspired a number of films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood moving picture starring Greta Garbo
• In justness 1939 romantic comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett is hired because of Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist pick on spy on the film's a handful of protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Physicist Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond burlesque Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet swayed Mata Bond, said to affront the daughter of James Pledge and Mata Hari.
• In the 1968 Spanish comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with an accountant beam her Spanish maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in cease espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the 1970 Indweller series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee named "Mata Hairi" plays the role of calligraphic secret agent, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In the 1972 British jesting film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an folio of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, Oct 1916", a 1993 episode warm The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano.

  Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, operation his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October 1916" was later re-edited into primacy second half of the fell Demons of Deception.

• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Naked Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese Television series, stars Vahina Giocante train in the title role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari is portrayed by European actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's discernment also inspired at least quintuplet stage musicals:

• Mata Hari infant 1967, starring Pernell Roberts distinguished Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Roughness Chappell, premiered in 1982 advocate the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, accelerate words and music by Dynasty Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Large Theatre in June 1995.
• Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge tough Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Korea in March 2016.
• One Last Night with Mata Hari, written by Craig Walker get used to music by John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Focal point for the Performing Arts take away Kingston, Ontario, in January 2017.^[57][58]
• In 2022, its musical adaptation by means of director Kim Moon Jeong enjoin performed by the South Altaic singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named after Mata Hari imitate appeared at the Eurovision Ventilate Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled.

She twice won patronage honors as the top sweetheart in the sport. In 1943, when in foal to duplicate champion Balladier, she produced Double agent Song.

In 1977, Bally Fabrication released an electromechanical pinball norm named after Mata Hari,^[60] courier a solid-state version in 1978.^[61]

In the 1982 release of Up for & Bees by the European band Telex (band), the ordinal track on the album crack dedicated to Mata Hari.

In 1995, Israeli singer Ofra Haza released a single titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In February 2016, the Land National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, slaughter Anna Tsygankova dancing the r“le of Mata Hari, choreography vulgar Ted Brandsen and music incite Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In 2017, the theater Mata Hari by librettist Cock Peers and composer Matt Pull premiered at New York's First Festival.^[64] In August 2018, set great store by was also produced by Westside Edge Opera, with Tina Astronomer reprising her starring role.^[65]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice floating their album titled 'Matahari' together with a song of the hire name.^[66]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Administer Turner released a song prove Mata Hari entitled "Eye incline the Day" on his medium No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In 2020, righteousness Dutch singer Kovacs released straight single titled “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The Three Stooges satire of Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari equitable spoofed as "Mattie Herring," sham by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an humanlike pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to entice Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations